At the end of 2022, a European satellite unfurled a shimmering silver sail behind it. The purpose of this appendage was simple: to accelerate the self-destruction of the satellite by pushing it into the Earth’s atmosphere.
As strange as it may sound at first glance, this was the latest in a growing wave of efforts to tackle the growing problem of space debris. In recent years, the situation over our sky has changed dramatically. For decades, since the beginning of the space age in the late 1950s, satellite launch rates have remained fairly stable. The growth in the number of satellites is now exponential, fueled by the efforts of corporations like Amazon. Collisions in space, meanwhile, produce clouds of debris that could pose a danger to spacecraft for decades.
Why did we write this
As the amount of man-made debris in space grows, so does the search for solutions. Some experts say the first step is to think of space not as an endless garbage dump, but as a common area requiring agreed-upon norms of behaviour.
Threat mitigation efforts are underway, including so-called active garbage disposal. Concepts include the cosmic equivalent of a net, magnet, or harpoon. Another approach is to minimize the creation of new debris, mainly by promoting international agreement on what the norms of behavior should be.
“People on Earth are benefiting tremendously from space,” says Crystal Azelton, director of space applications programs at the Secure World Foundation, a US organization that promotes collaborative solutions to make space sustainable. “It’s fragile, it’s not infinite, and it needs to be managed in a way that’s sustainable.”
At the end of 2022, a European satellite unfurled a shimmering silver sail behind it. The purpose of this appendage was simple: to accelerate the self-destruction of the satellite by pushing it into the Earth’s atmosphere.
Strange as it may sound at first glance, this was actually just the latest wave of efforts to address a growing problem facing humanity in space – the proliferation of debris and satellites in orbit around our planet.
In fact, we treat space like a garbage dump.
Why did we write this
As the amount of man-made debris in space grows, so does the search for solutions. Some experts say the first step is to think of space not as an endless garbage dump, but as a common area requiring agreed-upon norms of behaviour.
And the task doesn’t get any easier: In early February, the United States gave Amazon permission to launch more than 3,000 satellites, not to mention the Russian rocket that destroyed a defunct Soviet satellite in November 2021, creating a new cloud of debris that would pose a danger. spacecraft for years, maybe decades to come.
There is hope, as the European Space Agency’s silver sail shows, but the situation is difficult. A multitude of countries and companies are currently striving to embrace a space perspective with a number of competing and overlapping priorities. This raises the question of who is responsible for cleaning up this mess, and whether we even need to care about it.
“I think until the last few years people were not irresponsible,” says Nick Ross, founder and CEO of Niparo, a space sustainability consulting company based in Edinburgh, Scotland. “These were people who didn’t even think about space as a finite resource.”
Increasing startup speed
In recent years, the situation over our sky has changed dramatically. For decades, since the beginning of the space age in the late 1950s. satellite launch speed remained fairly stable, but in the last few years it has exploded.
This exponential growth was driven not by government agencies, which had long dominated the arena of space exploration and activity, but by commercial enterprises. Starlink, the satellite broadband service being deployed by SpaceX, has already put about 3,500 satellites into orbit.
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carrying a Nilesat 301 geostationary communications satellite lifts off from Cape Canaveral, Florida on June 8, 2022. Over the past few years, the number of satellite launches has increased dramatically.
For comparison: there are currently only 7200 of them. functioning satellites hovering above the ground. And Starlink has been cleared to launch 7,500 more — not to mention the Amazon Kuiper program, which has now been given the green light, and OneWeb, another company that already has more than 500 satellites in orbit.
The main problem with the growing number of satellites comes down to one thing: collisions.
The International Space Station had to take evasive action more than 30 times over its 24-year history to protect the astronauts on board. And falling debris can affect people on earth. But so far, the most frequent risks are associated with satellites.
“At ESA, when we have to perform collision avoidance maneuvers, it sometimes results in a service interruption,” says Francesca Letizia, a space debris engineer on contract with the European Space Agency. “At the moment it’s tolerable because it only happens occasionally, but if you move to a long-term scenario where you have 10 times as many objects, then perhaps the interruption becomes more significant.”
This, of course, assumes that the satellites are capable of maneuvering at all. In 2009, for example, the inactive Russian satellite Cosmos 2251 collided with an active satellite owned by the American company Iridium. The impact produced thousands of debris, many of which will still be in orbit decades from now.
Some positive steps
Monitoring and warning systems have improved since then, and many modern satellites have self-propulsion capabilities that allow them to evade if another satellite flies too close. Starlink satellites, for example, have already had to make more than 26,000 such maneuvers. The concern is that as certain orbits get busier, the task of avoiding every conceivable collision will become increasingly difficult.
And it’s not just other satellites that need to be taken into account. It is also hundreds of thousands of debris flying in the same orbits. Some of them result from accidents – perhaps collisions or explosions caused by unused fuel. But some are intentional.
“The biggest problem we’re facing right now is countries testing their own missiles against their own satellites,” says Crystal Azelton, director of space applications programs at the Secure World Foundation, a US organization that promotes collaborative solutions for space sustainability.
“People on Earth benefit greatly from space,” continues Ms. Azelton. “It’s fragile, it’s not infinite, and it needs to be managed in a way that’s sustainable.”
And it gets to the heart of why we should care: the number of industries here on Earth that depend on space is only growing. Many of our daily activities now depend on satellites, not least mapping and navigation on our phones. Nevertheless recent report indicates that the vast majority of us deeply underestimate the role that space plays in maintaining our lifestyle.
Magnets and harpoons
Effort in motion to eliminate threats. On the one hand, for example, there are companies seeking to remove objects from orbit that are no longer functional, a process known as active debris removal. Concepts include the cosmic equivalent of a net, magnet, or harpoon.
One of the latest trials involving small plasma thrusters attached to a CubeSat (a miniature satellite), allowing it to feed in Earth’s atmosphere and burn up after completing its mission. CubeSats, which can be the size of a tissue box, are responsible for a large portion of the ballooning satellite population, so finding ways to ease their deorbiting could bring huge payoffs to efforts to keep space clean.
Another approach is to minimize the creation of new debris, mainly by promoting international agreement on what the norms of behavior should be. The Interagency Space Debris Coordinating Committee, for example, set a directive that all satellites in low Earth orbit must be removed from that orbit within 25 years of the end of a mission, a number that the US recently unilaterally reduced to five years.
Of course, much of this depends on whether nations respect the limits and how much they value responsibility in their national politics. But many analysts agree that despite the gaps and shortcomings, it is in the interest of all parties, public and private, to keep the space usable; in other words, self-interest generally encourages compliance.
However, some space experts argue that the solutions lie deeper than just eliminating physical congestion in certain orbits.
“I think we can work it out”
“When I look at the definition of space sustainability, I wonder if our recommendations really fit in with the idea that space is for everyone,” says Hugh Lewis, professor of astronautics at the University of Southampton in England. “For me, it has evolved from a typical engineering problem to something focused on ethics, morality and responsibility.”
Dr. Lewis, who represents the UK Space Agency on the Inter-Agency Committee, notes that all mankind is interested in space, but a relatively small number of states dominate there. Rookie nations, by definition, have to adapt to the boxes set by established heavyweights and fit in where they can.
This is true, although, as Star Trek’s Spock put it, “the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few.”
Another issue, flagged as Dr. Lewis and Dr. Niparo’s Ross is how satellites are deorbited so often, simply by blasting them into Earth’s atmosphere and allowing the colossal pressures and temperatures to essentially vaporize the spacecraft. This throws off the idea of a circular economy that reuses materials and raises concerns about the impact on the atmosphere when these materials are deposited in its upper layers.
“I think I was quite pessimistic, but… collectively, as humanity, I think we can solve this problem, as I hope, with things like climate change,” says the doctor. Lewis.
“I think we’re very good at digging out the worst case, and that’s where we’ll certainly end up with space junk as well, but I hope we can dig ourselves out and find solutions.”
On a Monday morning in Irvine, Courtney Garvin eats her breakfast in bed prepared by her partner before leaving for work.
She finishes and heads to the bathroom. She sits down to brush her teeth and wash her face.
From there, she takes her longest walk of the day: 25 steps to her unused office, where she gets into bed and starts knitting and petting her cat.
At lunchtime, she rides a lift—a motorized chair attached to a ladder—to the kitchen to eat lunch prepared by her partner, Connor Mayer. She puts the food in the microwave and sits down again.
Courtney Garvin, riding the stair lift from her upstairs room, gets help from partner Connor Meyer for basic household chores. Meyer gets his wheelchair ready to go out into the fresh air.
(Allen J. Cockroaches/Los Angeles Times)
Garvin, 37, contracted COVID-19 three years ago and now long COVIDa condition reported by approximately 15% of California adults, according to data compiled by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. She and Mayer say their world has shrunk. She can no longer work.
“I didn’t expect to be in this situation for another 50 or 60 years where I lose so many functions and need constant care. Chronic illness takes away so many of life’s joys, both big and small,” Garvin wrote in an email. (Due to debilitating fatigue, some of Garvin’s interviews were conducted via email or Mayer spoke on his behalf.)
Mayer’s life has also completely changed.
Connor Mayer pushes his partner Courtney Garvin in a wheelchair as they go outside for some fresh air.
(Allen J. Cockroaches/Los Angeles Times)
In the morning when he works, he wakes up, makes coffee and goes for a run. He then makes her oatmeal and tea for breakfast, leaving them in thermoses to keep warm. He also prepares lunch and a cocktail for her. After making sure she has what she needs, he rides his bike to work. After 5:30 pm, he washes the dishes and prepares dinner.
She walks about 150 steps a day and takes a short walk around the neighborhood, she says, with Mayer pushing her in her wheelchair.
Garvin and Mayer said they shared their story in hopes of helping others understand the impact this disease has had on their lives.
“I don’t think anyone expects anything like this to happen to them, but here we are,” Mayer wrote in an email. “When we became ill with COVID in March 2020, we had no idea about the long-term risks associated with it. This sudden loss of independence was hard on both of us.”
A look at the medication Courtney Garvin is taking during her long fight against COVID.
(Allen J. Cockroaches/Los Angeles Times)
Prolonged COVID is a broad term used to describe multiple symptoms that can last weeks or longer after initial infection with COVID-19. These include circulation problems, shortness of breath, neurological problems, gastrointestinal problems, and fatigue, among others. The severity of symptoms and their impact on people’s daily lives can vary greatly.
Some people see symptoms improve over time while others get better and then some symptoms return.
While much of the population has begun to shake off the pandemic, people like Garvin are forced to deal with a complex medical system and a condition for which there are no known cures. Navigation in medicine, finance, mental and the physical problem of this disease is challenging.
Prior to falling ill in March 2020, Garvin worked as a storyboard artist and touring musician with Courtney, while Mayer was in graduate school. Mayer is now assistant professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of California, Irvine. When he is not working, he constantly grooms Garvin and limits his social interactions to avoid reinfecting her.
Courtney Garvin used to play in several bands, but until she recovers from long COVID.
(Allen J. Cockroaches/Los Angeles Times)
Garvin stopped working in the fall of 2020 when fatigue, migraines and shortness of breath made it difficult for her to walk more than a few steps and speak more than a few words.
She became disabled and began seeing doctors, many of whom ignored her symptoms as her health continued to deteriorate. In the summer of 2021, she moved to Irvine where she was diagnosed with long-term COVID.
“The consistency of the experience of going to doctor after doctor, seeking help, distrust and indulgence really surprises me,” Garvin said. “This points to a major systemic problem in our culture when we view chronic illness as a moral failing.”
In addition to mental and physical issues, Garvin noted that infrastructure issues, such as a lack of wheelchair racks and a lack of automatic doors in doctors’ offices and the Department of Motor Vehicles, made her feel invisible.
Courtney Garvin first contracted COVID in March 2020.
(Allen J. Cockroaches/Los Angeles Times)
The couple live in a townhouse provided by the University of California, Irvine, which is considered compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act, but the stairs in the house create difficulties for Garvin. After several phone calls to the housing authority, letters from doctors and insurance companies, the couple installed a stairlift, but paid for it out of their own pocket.
Garvin and Mayer spent about $62,000 on medical expenses, including compression stockings ($450), a stair lift ($2,750), support groups ($860), and co-payments ($3,300). They also spent countless hours in waiting rooms, waiting for doctors, and handling insurance and disability paperwork.
Post-viral diseases such as prolonged COVID, Not newbut some doctors in California are treating the long-standing COVID as a new phenomenon.
“It’s grim to think about how many lives could be changed for the worse because we didn’t understand the long-term consequences well enough to consider when considering preventative safety measures,” Mayer said.
Courtney Garvin takes a break walking down the stairs from her room upstairs while her partner Connor Meyer gets ready to help her with basic household chores.
(Allen J. Cockroaches/Los Angeles Times)
Dr. William W. Stringer, a pulmonologist and critical care physician who started a post-COVID program at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, is trying to better understand these long-term effects.
“I think there are a lot of people that specialists and doctors don’t recognize,” said Stringer, who has treated patients with some of the most severe long-term symptoms of COVID. “It’s also a huge financial issue, between the lack of social work and help with food and doctor visits.”
Mayer said he was disappointed that a serious health issue has low public awareness and sympathy. Near the end of the interview, Garvin said she was tired and asked Mayer to speak on her behalf.
“Strength is what I lack right now,” she said. “I’m completely exhausted.”
How long have you had COVID in California?
The Los Angeles Times is working on a series of articles to understand the experience of long-term COVID-19 patients and their caregivers. You can contact The Times here.
SOUTH Padre Island, Texas (AP) — SpaceX canceled the first attempt to launch its giant rocket on Monday after there was a problem during refueling.
Elon Musk’s company planned to launch a nearly 400-foot Starship rocket from the southern tip of Texas, near the Mexican border.
The test flight was canceled with just over eight minutes left on the countdown due to a stuck valve needed to pressurize the first stage booster. The launch controllers were unable to fix the frozen valve in time, but for practice they lowered the clock to the 40-second mark before stopping the countdown.
There were no people or satellites on board. There won’t be another attempt until at least Thursday.
“Learned a lot today,” Musk tweeted after the flight was delayed.
The company plans to use Starship to send people and cargo to the Moon and eventually Mars.
On the eve of the launch attempt, campers, SUVs, and even bicycles and horses filled the only road leading to the launch pad, where the stainless steel rocket towered over flat brush and prairie. Enthusiasts posed in front of the giant Starbase letters at the entrance to the SpaceX complex and in front of the rocket two miles down the road, which ended at a beach in the Gulf of Mexico.
On Monday, spectators were banned from the area and instead filled a beach about six miles from South Padre Island.
Ernesto and Maria Carreon drove two hours from Mission, Texas with their two daughters, ages 5 and 7, to watch.
“I felt sad. They became sad,” Maria Carreon said when the launch attempt was cancelled.
They can’t come back for another try, but plan to have some fun on the beach on Monday.
Michelle Vankampenhout, who is on vacation in Green Bay, Wisconsin, said she would return.
“Seeing this is a unique experience,” she said.
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The Associated Press Department of Health and Science receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Science and Education Media Group. AP is solely responsible for all content.
When Ouchi, a handsome, heavily built, former high school rugby player with a wife and young son, arrived at the hospital, he did not yet look like a victim of intense radiation exposure.Slow death: 83 days of radiation sicknessa 2002 book by a group of Japanese NHK-TV journalists, later translated into English by Maho Harada. complained of pain in the ears and arm. The doctor who examined him even thought that he might be able to save his life.
But during the day, Ouchi’s condition worsened. He began to require oxygen, and, according to the book, his stomach swelled up. After he arrived at the Tokyo University Hospital, things went downhill. Six days after the accident, a specialist who looked at images of chromosomes in Ouchi’s bone marrow cells saw only scattered black dots, indicating that they had been broken into pieces. Ouchi’s body couldn’t generate new cells. A week after the accident, Ouchi received a peripheral blood stem cell transplant, and his sister volunteered to be a donor.
Residents of Tokaimura were tested for radiation. December 2, 1999, after the accident.
Kaku KURITA/Gamma Rafo/Getty Images
However, according to the book, Ouchi’s condition continued to deteriorate. He began to complain of thirst, and when the medical plaster was removed from his chest, the skin began to come off with it. He began to develop blisters. Tests showed that the radiation killed off the chromosomes that normally allowed his skin to regenerate, so that his epidermis, the outer layer that protected his body, gradually disappeared. The pain became intense. He also began to experience breathing problems. Two weeks after the accident, he could no longer eat and had to be fed intravenously. Two months after his ordeal, his heart stopped, although doctors managed to resuscitate him.
On December 21, at 11:21 pm, Ouchi’s body finally gave up. According to Lyman and Dolly’s article, he died of multiple organ failure. Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi issued a statement expressing condolences to the worker’s family and promising to improve nuclear safety measures. Japan Times.
Shinohara, Ouchi’s colleague, also died in April 2000 from multiple organ failure. Guardians.
The Japanese government concluded that the main causes of the accident were insufficient regulatory oversight, lack of a proper safety culture, and inadequate training and qualifications of workers, according to this April 2000 report. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Six officials of the company that operated the nuclear power plant were charged with professional negligence and violating nuclear safety laws. In 2003, the court sentenced them to a suspended prison sentence, and the company and at least one of the officials were also fined. Sydney Morning Herald.